We are never going to fix this

2018 was (another) record-breaking year.

Global emissions of carbon dioxide are reaching the highest levels on record, scientists projected Wednesday, in the latest evidence of the chasm between international goals for combating climate change and what countries are doing.

Between 2014 and 2016, emissions remained largely flat, leading to hopes that the world was beginning to turn a corner. Those hopes appear to have been dashed. In 2017, global emissions grew 1.6 percent. The rise in 2018 is projected to be 2.7 percent.

There's no such thing as "turning a corner" here, though.  We're never going to fix this. We're headed full bore into making worse, in fact. 

A number of other LNG facilities are either operating or planned in Cameron Parish on the western side of the state, and along the Texas Gulf Coast.

According to FERC, there are more than 110 LNG facilities now operating in the U.S., though many do not export LNG overseas.

As of October, there were five approved export facilities under construction, another five approved but not under construction, and, including the Plaquemines terminal, 18 that have been proposed and are awaiting licensing.

The push for new export terminals has been fueled by the development of hydrofacturing, or “fracking,” to capture gas from shale deposits deep underground. In 2017, the U.S. exported 1.94 billion cubic feet per day of LNG, up from only 0.5 billion cubic feet per day in 2016. All of that LNG product was shipped from Louisiana’s Sabine Pass terminal in Cameron Parish, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Can't turn a corner in the middle of a frack boom.  And to be clear, what's going on in this instance is the domestic gas market is saturated. So we are building the export infrastructure to keep the boom going. In other words, it's a deliberate choice to do more fracking. Even now.

Congratulations, St. Tammany Parish residents

You aren't going to be fracked by Helis Oil.  That's great. But let's take a look at what it was that saved you, exactly. 

Was it the vehement organized citizen opposition?  No, that didn't work.

Was it Bobby Jindal's state Department of Natural Resources? Don't make me laugh.

Was it the lawsuit brought to stop DNR issuing a permit? Nope.


Was it a federal environmental impact review by the Corps of Engineers? No, they let it slide too.

So what was it?  At the end of the day, the only thing that Northshore residents have to thank for saving their aquifer from possible contamination is the unprofitable barrenness of their own land.

ST. TAMMANY PARISH -- Helis Oil and Gas sent out a news release Tuesday saying that "following a lengthy review of the geologic, engineering and other data from its exploratory well in rural St. Tammany Parish, Helis Oil & Gas has concluded that it will not proceed with further operations."

The move would bring to an end the controversial project on the Northshore that met with a lot of citizen opposition.

Helis overcame that opposition to get the approval to move forward on the project, however, a few months in, the results were not what the company was hoping to achieve.

"Helis has determined that the prospect lacks appropriate commercial viability so the company will not pursue the project any further. Helis intends to permanently abandon the well and secure the site in accordance with regulatory requirements and its leases," said Greg Beuerman, spokesperson for Helis Oil & Gas.

The lesson is, whatever you do, first make sure you are not commercially viable.  

Keep on frackin'

Don't you just love these heartwarming stories where ordinary citizens come together and organize to protect their community from predatory industry... and lose?

The Louisiana Supreme Court has refused to consider an appeal by St. Tammany Parish and a citizens group challenging a state decision to award a permit to a company that wants to drill near Lakeshore High School, spokesmen said.

By a 4-3 vote, the court refused to hear the appeal, allowing a decision by the First Circuit Court of Appeals to stand. Justices Greg Guidry, Jeannette Theriot Knoll and Marcus Clark dissented. The appeals panel ruled earlier this year that the parish’s zoning ordinances had to be considered, but not followed, by the state when considering the permit application.

The decision effectively ends a nearly two year legal challenge against Helis Oil & Gas’ plans to drill an oil well in a wooded tract northeast of Mandeville. The case pitted the parish against the state’s Commissioner of Conservation, who issued a permit to Helis to drill. The group Concerned Citizens of St. Tammany, which has opposed the well, joined the suit on the side of the parish. Helis also joined on the side of the Commissioner of Conservation.

Most of the time they lose, actually.  Now Helis can look forward to taking advantage of state tax exemptions for drilling and fracking since we already know the legislature will fail to eliminate those.  

Fracked

Helis oil is about to begin its controversial drilling project in St. Tammany Parish.

This first phase of the project will involve drilling a 13,000-foot-deep vertical well and will not include any hydraulic fracturing, Barham said.

The company plans to collect samples and also conduct tests on a 270-foot-thick layer of rock more than 12,000 feet deep to see if the formation, part of the Tusacaloosa Marine Shale, could be an economically viable source of oil, Barham said.

Analysis of the samples and test results is expected to take several months. If the results are positive — a 50-50 proposition, Barham said — Helis would move to Phase 2 of the project, which would involve hydraulic fracturing, or fracking.

Meanwhile

Keep on frackin'

Fracking opponents were dealt a big blow Wednesday (March 9) by the state's 1st Circuit Court of Appeal, which upheld a district court ruling that St. Tammany Parish government cannot use its zoning regulations to block a proposed oil drilling project northeast of Mandeville. The controversial case is likely to move to the state Supreme Court.

Congratulations to Helis Oil.  Hope they enjoy the tax credit we're about to shell out to them with all that money we don't have. 

What did David Vitter know and when did he know it?

Following up on this WWLTV story about David Vitter and fracking permits in St. Tammany Parish, Jason connects a few more dots between Hellis Oil,Vitter, and a mysterious "suicide."

Everyone I've spoken to, from Wendy Ellis to numerous unnamed sources who knew Mosgrove, have stated they do not believe Michelle committed suicide that night on the Aera. They all believe something more nefarious took place and the crime scene was made to look like a suicide.  When I asked what the motive for the murder would have been, three of the sources stated the same thing, "She was running her mouth".

Let me be clear, I'm not suggesting David Vitter was involved in the "suicide" of Michelle Mosgrove. But, I have reason to believe Senator Vitter had a relationship with William Drouila in the 90's and may have been on the Aera himself.

It's pretty salacious but we're used to that by now. Remember also the sort of scene we're dealing with here has long been part of the culture of the industry... and of its partners in government.  And, as we've seen time and again, David Vitter is definitely one of "Big Oil's boys." (Although, to be fair, it looks like a lot of those rats have jumped ship, recently.) 

Anyway, I found it a little curious that John Bel's campaign would pick this moment to launch this heavy-handed an ad. You can see why it would be tempting to take a knockout shot now but this might be a bit of an unnecessary overreach.

Umbilical pipleline

Foster Campbell wrote a letter to the Advocate this week.

Louisiana will suffer chronic financial problems until we break the grip of the major oil companies on the Legislature and governor.

An umbilical cord connects our legislators and governor to Big Oil. That cord may feed the politicians, but Louisiana continues to rank poorly in educational, environmental and economic well-being.

Facing a $1.6 billion deficit next year, the Legislature taxed its weakest constituents and largely left the companies untouched. College students and parents face higher tuition, motorists more gas taxes and smokers higher tobacco taxes.

Working-class and elderly Louisiana residents will endure cutbacks in health care. State employees will see their paychecks and benefits squeezed.

This ugly picture plays out as Louisiana approaches the 100th anniversary of its Oil and Gas Severance Tax. This antique from 1921 taxes in-state production but ignores the enormous quantities of oil and gas brought to Louisiana for processing.

Campbell has been talking up an oil processing tax for years and years to a response of deafening silence.  Not too surprising considering how afraid the legislature is of threatened vetoes from Governor Jindal Norquist.

But in closing the budget gap, legislators would have to do it while complying with the anti-tax pledge that Jindal signed in 2003 with Americans for Tax Reform, a national anti-tax group headed by Grover Norquist.

The group’s rules do allow tax increases, Norquist wrote in a letter Monday to Louisiana legislators who oppose the SAVE fund. “Removing tax credits or deductions while reducing the tax rate so that the total bill is revenue neutral is not a tax hike,” he wrote.

So we're left with the absurd situation of a budget crisis in a state where the legislators are opposed to revenue on general principle.  The umbilical pipeline will keep them well fed, though.

Meanwhile... Keep on frackin'!

After more than a year of volatile public hearings, courtroom duels and bureaucratic back and forth, plans to drill a controversial oil well in St. Tammany Parish are set to go forward.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on Monday issued Helis Oil & Gas Co. a permit for its proposed 3.2-acre drilling pad in wetlands near Lakeshore High School north of Interstate 12 and east of La. 1088.

It was the final regulatory hurdle for the first phase of the company’s plan, a 13,000-foot-deep “exploratory” well. Phase two would involve drilling a milelong horizontal shaft and then using a method known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to pull oil out of the ground. But that would require further approvals.

Oil and Gas Lawsuits

Yesterday, amid all the other news, we learned the details of a settlement between the Southeast Lousiana Flood Protection Authority East and two oil companies named in its much talked about and kicked around lawsuit for coastal damage. Here's more from Clancy DuBos.

Two privately held Texas oil companies that were among nearly 90 defendants named in the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority-East’s (SLFPA-E) landmark environmental lawsuit have settled with the flood authority for a combined total of $50,000 in damages, according to documents filed in federal court and statements by the attorneys involved.

The terms of the settlement were announced a few hours after attorneys for SLFPA-E, White Oak Operating Co., L.L.C. and Chroma Operating, Inc. filed a “Joint Motion for Order of Dismissal With Prejudice” in federal court on Thursday. Parties typically file joint motions to dismiss when they have reached an out-of-court settlement. Because the SLFPA-E is a public entity, the terms of the settlement had to be made public.

While the dollar amount of the settlement seems small at first glance, the fact that two oil companies have admitted responsibility for increased public exposure to hurricane-related flooding due to their operations in coastal wetlands — and agreed to pay damages — is huge. The settlement marks the first time an admission of this kind, along with payment of damages, has ever been made by energy companies.

Even the small.. call it a moral.. victory won there could never have happened had Bobby Jindal and the man he put in charge of Louisiana's coastal restoration effort, congressional candidate Garret Graves,  gotten their way.

At a minimum, the decision by some energy defendants to settle with SLFPA-E completely undercuts, if not outright disproves, the “frivolous lawsuit” meme that Gov. Bobby Jindal, former coastal “czar” Garret Graves (who is now a candidate for Congress in the 6th District) and legislative foes of the lawsuit have parroted ever since the suit was filed in July 2013. If the suit were truly “frivolous,” as Jindal continues to claim, defendants in the energy industry (who are accustomed to environmental litigation) would not have settled — particularly when a lawsuit breaks new legal and environmental ground, as the SLFPA-E suit clearly does.

This morning Graves finds himself in a runoff with former Governor Edwin Edwards. Edwards has crawfished a little on the lawsuit himself; at times appearing to support it and at others speaking more vaguely about "finding the parties responsible" for coastal erosion and holding them accountable.  But it's Graves who has stayed in lock step with Bobby Jindal as a critic of the "frivolous" lawsuit.  I don't think either has been asked to comment on this settlement just yet.

Meanwhile, speaking of "frivolous" Oil and Gas lawsuits, check this one out.

FORT WORTH, Texas — A North Texas city that sits atop a natural gas reserve is preparing for an extended court battle after voters made it the first in the state to ban further hydraulic fracturing — a fight that cities nationwide considering similar laws will likely be watching closely.

An industry group and the state's little-known but powerful General Land Office responded quickly to the measure Denton approved Tuesday night, seeking an injunction in District Court to stop it from being enforced.

See, it's frivolous when we (meaning our public bodies) sue them. But they, apparently can sue the hell out of us whenever we sneeze on them.. or spit up blood or whatever it is you do after drinking frack-tainted water.   That's what this guy thinks, anyway.

Battling the fracking ban will be Texas Land Commissioner-elect George P. Bush's first fight. The founding manager of an energy and infrastructure consultancy, Bush promoted the economic benefits of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, throughout his campaign.

Oh yee-haw the Daddy party really is back.  

Pinkwashing jumped the shark a long time ago

I really thought that with all the PR momentum against Goodell and the NFL's generally bad attitude toward women that this would be the year we could finally make them stop doing this.

But no. Instead, this happened.

Susan G. Komen for the Cure, the foundation known for painting everything pink and, in one extremely controversial decision, pulling its grants from Planned Parenthood, has found a partner in Baker Hughes, a major drilling services company. The result: Baker Hughes is rolling out one thousand pink drill bits this October. Seriously.

"Birds and bugs"

This is the second article to appear in our major papers in as many days that trivializes opposition to Hells Oil's proposed northshore fracking operation.  I wonder if Helis got a hold of Fred Heebe's "lobbyist list".

Keep on fracking

Meanwhile, in Tangipahoa... 

In stark contrast to St. Tammany Parish -- where opposition to a proposed oil well near Mandeville has sparked staunch opposition, anger and tears from many - Tangipahoa has mostly welcomed the industry with open arms.  Three fracked wells are currently producing, a fourth well has been permitted by the state, and about eight other wells are in the works, according to state and parish officials.

This has all happened without the emotional public meetings, recall petitions and legal action that have punctuated the issue in St. Tammany in recent months in response to Helis Oil & Gas' proposal to drill and frack a well along Interstate 12 northeast of Mandeville.

The uproar in St. Tammany over drilling has been the subject of periodic discussion - and derision - among some of the regulars at The Café in Kentwood, owner William Parson said. He and his diners are aware of the controversy and have seen and read news reports about the opposition to oil exploration.

 "We're dumbfounded about why," Parson said.

 "Emotional" public meetings of people worried about their drinking water.  How silly!

Corps letter asks Helis to think about fracking just a little to the right

Helis says this is a "routine request" but it looks like the Corps is asking them not to drill in an environmentally sensitive area.

Sharing the wealth

What are the benefits of having oil and gas extraction dominate your state's economy?   Cash payoffs, apparently.   Pennsylvania residents are enjoying that exact benefit now.  And it only cost them... some legal technicality.

It didn't take long for the residents of Finleyville who lived near the fracking operations to complain – about the noise and air quality, and what they regarded as threats to their health and quality of life. Initially, EQT, one of the largest producers of natural gas in Pennsylvania, tried to allay concerns with promises of noise studies and offers of vouchers so residents could stay in hotels to avoid the noise and fumes.

But then, in what experts say was a rare tactic, the company got more aggressive: it offered all of the households along Cardox Road $50,000 in cash if they would agree to release the company from any legal liability, for current operations as well as those to be carried out in the future. It covered potential health problems and property damage, and gave the company blanket protection from any kind of claim over noise, dust, light, smoke, odors, fumes, soot, air pollution or vibrations.

The agreement also defined the company's operations as not only including drilling activity but the construction of pipelines, power lines, roads, tanks, ponds, pits, compressor stations, houses and buildings.

But hey, fifty grand, right? Who wouldn't trade all future claims against poisoning for that?

Someone should tell St. Tammany Parish residents to ask Helis Oil if they can get in on this deal.

Actually the smart guys in Louisiana might be a bit more risk-averse.  They're only willing to sacrifice their integrity. 

In April, the PSC hired Acadian Consulting Group LLC of Baton Rouge to complete a report by Nov. 30 comparing net metering’s costs against its benefits.

State records show David E. Dismukes is an owner of Acadian Consulting Group, the company hired for the study. Dismukes also is an economics professor and executive director of LSU’s Center for Energy Studies.

In a complaint filed Tuesday with the PSC, C. Tucker Crawford, president of Gulf States Renewable Energy Industries Association, alleged Dismukes cannot produce an impartial study on net metering because he has in the past lobbied “for the elimination of renewable energy subsidies and the augmentation of fossil fuel subsidies.”

Crawford added that Dismukes accepted $20,000 from a fossil fuel group, the American Energy Alliance, before arguing last year against federal tax and financing policies benefiting the wind-energy industry.

In addition, Crawford wrote the PSC, Dismukes received $96,000 from America’s Natural Gas Alliance in 2012; $76,000 from Shell in 2012; and $37,000 from the Louisiana oil industry in 2004.

Dude, have you seen the prisons in North Carolina?

Dambala is linking to a list of the chemicals used in the hydrofracking process.

Could mean trouble.

Meanwhile... congratulations to WWLTV on finding a "pro-fracking" spokesperson in St. Tammany so we can turn this into another "he said/she said" story.  Nice going. 

Qatar on the Bayou

Fascinating choice of metaphor.

So let's put it this way: We are building a Qatar on the Bayou. From whole cloth, companies are laying new cities of fertilizer plants, boron manufacturers, methanol terminals, polymer plants, ammonia factories and paper-finishing facilities. In computer renderings, the Sasol site looks like a fearsome, steel-fitted Angkor Wat.

In all, some 66 industrial projects—worth some $90 billion—will be breaking ground over the next five years in Louisiana, according to the Greater Baton Rouge Industry Alliance. Tens of billions of other new investments could be coming, says Louisiana's economic development secretary, Stephen Moret. How many projects will actually get built remains to be seen.

Assuming that most will, you realize we are still probably underestimating the positive impact of the gas boom on both local and national economies. The entire GDP of the state of Louisiana is about $250 billion annually.

"As an economist, I can only say,‘'Wow. Holy Cow,'" said Loren Scott, a Louisiana economist who has studied the state for 40 years. "We typically measured expansion in terms of hundreds of millions of dollars. Something like that makes your eyes bug out." He expects, for instance, that once 10-year tax-abatement deals expire, schools boards will "find themselves with a bonanza."

Qatar.

A report in Britain's Guardian newspaper says thousands of Nepalese workers are toiling away in conditions that amount to modern-day slavery.

It says some have not been paid for months, while others have been denied access to drinking water on construction sites.

Journalist Pete Pattison says many of the young men are dying from heart failure.

"We can say with confidence at least 44 Nepalese migrant workers - not migrant workers from other countries, just Nepalese workers - have died between early June and early August," he said.

"Many of these men are dying from some form of heart failure. Many people think it's because of the extreme conditions they work under.

The Angkor Wat  is in Cambodia, by the way.  So it may seem like sloppy imagery to place Sasol's metaphorical "steel-fitted" Angkor Wat into "Qatar on the Bayou"  there's still an underlying consistency.

PHNOM PENH — Cambodia remains on a US watch list of countries that need to do more to combat human trafficking.

The US issued its annual “Trafficking in Persons” report Friday, rating countries around the world on their attempts to fight the crime. Cambodia was rated a Tier 2 watch list country.

“Cambodia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking,” the report says. “The government of Cambodia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. However, it is making significant efforts to do so.

“Although numerous forms of human trafficking continued to occur in Cambodia, the government prosecuted and convicted fewer trafficking offenders and identified fewer victims than it did in the previous year,” the report says.

“Endemic corruption at all levels of the Cambodian government continues to severely limit the ability of individual officials to make progress in holding traffickers accountable,” the report says.

So let's hope they aren't taking the aspiration to build these things "on the bayou" too literally.  We want to make sure we're not living in a human rights cesspool of a slave state by the time we finally get to come back and ask Loren Scott where the "bonanza" is.. you know.. in another 10 years or so. 

Update:  While we're waiting on that 10 year thing.. please feel free to enjoy the ride.

Louisiana's waterways are among the most polluted in the nation, with industrial facilities releasing more than 12.6 million pounds of toxic chemicals into rivers, bayous and other waters in 2012, according to a report released Thursday (June 19) by the Environment America Research and Policy Center.

The Washington D.C.-based group is calling on Congress to reinforce protections for waterways under the Clean Water Act. The industry says it's already working to cut down on pollution.

According to the report, industrial facilities put more than 206 million pounds of chemicals into waterways nationwide in 2012.

I thought they wanted more regulation

James Gill:

Oil and gas weighed in after the state legislative auditor released a report concluding that, since Jindal became governor in 2008, the Department of Natural Resources has left close to 3,000 abandoned wells unplugged, spreading pollution and hazard across the state. If DNR’s Office of Conservation doesn’t pull its socks up, the number of so-called “orphans” will continue to rise. A solution will require an increase in the fees oil and gas pays the state, the report concluded.

Bring it on, Louisiana Oil and Gas Association President Don Briggs said in a speech in Lafayette. “Our industry knows orphan wells are a problem. We’re not the ones saying no, we won’t pay more.”

Neither is the Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association. Its environmental affairs director, Richard Metcalf, said, “We would be willing to sit down and talk” about higher fees.

They should be doubled, according to Briggs, but “we have a state political administration that opposes raising fees or taxes.”

According to leading oil and gas industry lobbyists, Bobby Jindal's Department of Natural Resources is not tough enough on them.  That's a sobering enough thought. 

But, hey, if industry leaders feel that strongly about it, they had an opportunity to make their voices heard yesterday in St. Tammany Parish where DNR was hearing public comment  on Helis Oil's proposed frack well.

While opponents of a proposed oil well in St. Tammany Parish made their arguments Tuesday before an official of the state’s Department of Natural Resources, several blocks away, a lawsuit seeking to halt the plan, filed Monday by the St. Tammany Parish Council, was winding its way through the East Baton Rouge Parish Clerk of Court’s Office.

The suit names James Welsh, the state’s commissioner of conservation, as a defendant and asks a state judge to issue an injunction preventing the DNR from issuing a permit that would allow the operator to dig a well and extract oil by hydraulic fracturing, or fracking.

The suit argues that the parish’s zoning laws prohibit drilling a well at the proposed site, and it points to a recent legislative auditor’s report that said the DNR was negligent in overseeing many of Louisiana’s abandoned and inoperative wells.

So they'll beg the state to fine them but they do tend to fall back in line whenever someone is suing to halt their operations.  Because the last thing anyone wants is to adhere to local zoning guidelines.

The proposed well location — in the southeast part of a 960-acre tract north of Interstate 12 and bisected by La. 1088 — is zoned A-3, a designation that requires a “single-family residential environment on moderate-sized lots,” according to the council’s suit. Activities on the land are limited to dwellings and certain “cultural, education, religion and public uses,” the suit says.

Anyway, clearly the well is allowable under these rules. Consider it another shrine to the church of Petrochemical Production.

No

I hope this answer helps.

BATON ROUGE, LA (WVUE) - 

Dozens of St. Tammany Parish residents showed up at the La. Department of Natural Resources Tuesday to speak out against a proposed oil fracking rig north of Mandeville.

It may have been their only chance before an agency that may ultimately approve the drilling permit.

Some came with children, others carried signs.

"My question is will it be safe?" said opponent John Herasymiuk.

"Don't expect much other than bad times"

Russel Honore speaks to a St. Tammany community meeting about the Helis Oil fracking proposal Sunday. Yesterday the Parish, for all practical purposes, gave Helis the green light to begin work.



Adding: To be clear, the state and not the Parish has to approve Helis's drilling permit although that is likely a fait accompli particularly now that the local officials have approved Helis's "compromise". There is also the issue of a wetlands permit from the Army Corps of Engineers although one imagines that won't be a problem either.

All ur backyards are belong to us

There's only one reason it's even within the realm of possibility that Helis Oil won't drill its proposed fracking well in St. Tammany Parish. And that reason has nothing to do with what the residents there might want. Rather, it has to do with how far afield the location is along the targeted "Tuscaloosa shale formation"

The wells range from 10,500 to 14,500 feet deep and cost about $13 million each to build. That’s compared with the $10 million average price tag to drill and complete a well in north Louisiana’s Haynesville Shale, a natural gas field that also runs under parts of Arkansas and Texas.

Although it controls potentially as much as 60,000 acres in St. Tammany, Helis has proposed drilling only a single well so far, at a depth of about 13,000 feet. But what has some industry experts scratching their heads isn’t the depth but the location of the well, dozens of miles southeast of the Tuscaloosa formation’s core.

Overall, interest in the shale drilling effort has surged in the past year, the experts say. Most of the acreage has been leased by a few key players, and by most accounts, Helis Oil & Gas is not one of them.

If it wasn't something of wildcat operation the objections of the local NIMBYs would amount to exactly nothing.  To get that all you have to do is look around at everywhere else in the USA where we are reasonably certain about the prospects of drilling.

Where did all the money go?

Russel Honore asks,

Anti-fracking forces in St. Tammany Parish had a long wait this week for retired Army Lt. Gen. Russel Honoré, who missed a scheduled meeting at the Abita Springs Trailhead on Thursday afternoon. But when the general-turned-environmental-activist did show up at Abita Springs Town Hall that evening during an informational meeting about planned fracking in Mandeville, he was greeted like a hero.

The audience clapped and cheered as Honoré entered, and they occasionally started clamoring to hear from him instead of the panelists or audience members who were holding forth.

Organizers insisted on sticking to the program and said Honoré would speak last.

When he did so, the crowded hall seemed to transform into a tent revival. Honoré exhorted his audience, which eagerly participated in a call-and-response that lambasted fracking for failing to bring better roads, schools or prosperity to the places where it is prevalent.

“Where the hell is the money going?” he asked to roars of approval.